“Free’ Parking: Major Problem or No Big Deal?

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“Free’ Parking: Major Problem or No Big Deal?

 This commentary was taken, with permission, from Paul Barter’s blog, Reinventing Parking. Find it at reinventingparking.org. Editor.

Do you want your city or town to shift away from promoting plentiful parking? Do you agree with Donald Shoup that inducing excessive free parking is a costly mistake?
If so, you have probably heard someone trivialize the issue. Maybe they told you that free parking is no big deal. Maybe they said it is no worse than all the other cross-subsidies in society, or that it is just one more thing some of us pay for but don’t use.
I was reminded of those claims by a post June 15 by Emily Badger on The Washington Post Wonkblog that provoked many comments along those lines. 
Her post highlighted Shoup’s latest parking article, “Cutting the Cost of Parking Requirements,” published in the Spring Issue of ACCESS magazine, which reports on research at the UC Transportation Center and the UC Center on Economic Competitiveness. Shoup is its Editor.
A lot of angry comments focused on the social justice angle, reacting especially to the title of her post: “Poor people pay for parking even when they can’t afford a car,” and to this quote early in her post:
“‘People who are too poor to own a car,’ Shoup writes, ‘pay more for their groceries to ensure that richer people can park free when they drive to the store.’”
Her post also highlighted Shoup’s striking new parking cost estimates:
The cost of constructing above-ground parking in a major American city runs about $24,000 per space, in Shoup’s research (this doesn’t include the cost of buying the land underneath). An underground spot costs $34,000. 
Let’s emphasize again that these costs exclude land costs. Wow!
Badger then continues to emphasize the social justice aspects in Shoup’s article. For example: 
“Regulations that require developers to bake those costs into shopping centers, offices or apartment buildings — whether people intend to drive there or not — are a matter of inequality, Shoup argues. They force people who don’t drive to subsidize those who do. They assume everyone does drive when many people can’t. And they make it more expensive to build affordable housing, which means we get less of it.” 
 
Why parking-minimum-induced excessive free parking is a big deal
I don’t recommend delving deeply into those comments, which include many knee-jerk assumptions about Badger’s and/or Shoup’s supposed anti-car and/or left-wing intentions and/or stupidity.
But I do want to address this one comment, which is among those with the most “likes,” and which is one of many that make a similar point:
“Foolish article. I pay school taxes despite the fact that I never had children in the local schools. Everyone in a large and complex society pays taxes for some things they do not use, want or need. That’s just how it goes.”
So what is wrong with this comment?
 
First, the mention of taxes is misleading. Free off-street parking is mostly about “bundling,” not about tax money. In areas with plentiful parking, private owners of parking cover its costs from the rest of their enterprise (housing revenue, retail revenue, office space revenue, or whatever).
 
Second, the free parking is a result of local government regulations! Plentiful free-of-charge off-street parking is usually not a natural outcome of the free market at work. Rather, it is minimum parking requirements that promote so much parking supply, especially in the U.S., that the price is driven to zero (see www.planetizen.com/tag/minimum-parking-requirements).
 
Third, the comment seems to suggest that nothing much can be done. Not true. Shoup’s suggested policy reforms are a good place to start (www.shoupdogg.com). The Reinventing Parking blog also has various suggestions. Feel free to explore.
 
Fourth, shifting parking costs from direct users to everyone is not trivial. That was Shoup’s key point in highlighting the enormous cost of providing each parking space in a city. Each costs more than most of the cars that will ever park on it. And he didn’t even consider land costs. And, at Reinventing Parking, Seth Goodman estimated that, in U.S. cities, one parking space adds about $225 to monthly apartment rent (www.reinventingparking.org/2015/06/how-much-does-one-parking-spot-add-to.html).
Finally, just because the costs of many goods and services are not covered by user fees does not mean that is a good way to organize parking. User fees, especially market-responsive fees (aka market prices), send important signals to the actors in the system. 
In a market economy, unless there are good reasons to do otherwise, we generally prefer things to be funded via prices, rather than the other options, such as non-responsive fees, taxes, advertising, and imposts on specific groups of non-user beneficiaries (via targeted levies).
Yes, there are many things that are not funded by user fees/prices – for good reasons. But most of them are not relevant to parking.
For the really keen readers among you, here is more detail on those good
reasons not to rely on pricing and why they generally do not apply to parking.
Sometimes the transaction costs of imposing user fees are too high. In the past, this was often relevant for parking, but modern parking pricing technology makes parking fees easy.  
Sometimes bundling a cost with other goods is a business decision (fries and a drink come at a discount with a burger). This is relevant to parking. Retailers often offer free parking, even if their parking is tight, via parking validation (free parking for motorists who spend enough). But for other kinds, bundling of parking costs is common only when parking is plentiful, not when it is scarce. Most bundling is because of parking minimums.  
Sometimes a direct user fee is just not feasible (think free-to-air broadcasts or firefighting). But, as I said, it is easy to charge for parking. So parking is not a non-excludable public good. 
In some cases, society benefits if people get a good, even if they would not or could not pay (“merit goods” or goods with positive externalities; think basic education). This argument is used for parking, but is based on the huge mistake of thinking that plentiful parking is the best way to prevent on-street parking chaos. In fact, on-street parking management is the best way to deal with on-street parking problems, regardless of off-street parking supply. 
And, finally, yes, sometimes we deviate from user pays for social justice reasons. It is a good thing that most countries enable even the poorest people to get health care, education, and other basics. But parking is hardly a basic need! Shifting parking costs away from its users is a horribly poorly targeted way to help low-income people.  
 
The bottom line
Shifting parking costs onto everyone need not be “just how it goes.” In the case of parking, it is better to charge the actual users. 
Some reasons for this can be seen as left-wing. Some are usually seen as right-wing. Many are based on centrist, public-policy “wonkishness.” It doesn’t matter. I don’t see this as a left-right thing. Do you?
 
Paul Barter is an Adjunct Professor in the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore. Contact him at paulbarter@reinventingtransport.org.
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Paul Barter
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